Seriyedang

''"Basanreserian" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Basanreserian people.''

Basanreserian (세리예당, Seriyedang ) is a Sinjuan language spoken by about 22 million people, primarily in Basanreseri, where it is the and. It is a member of the language family and recognized as a  in the Yedal Union. Its writing system has been for the major part of its history; it was first ever written using. , where they have to be abbreviated, adhere to the.

Little is known about the language's prehistory or when it first began diverging from. Cheonjean documents from the 5th century recorded a few distinct Basanreserian words, but it is uncertain whether they constituted a seperate language or merely a dialect. Substantial texts did not appear until the 9th century, a little later than when the language had presumably completed its change. The isolation of Basanreserian societies from Kaisa to the north also meant that no attestable comparisons of Old Seriyedang and Old Kapukan exist. Already by the Chwangri period (752–1285), had considerably influenced the vocabulary of Old Seriyedang. Despite this, Old Seriyedang has been the subject of many treatises in favor of, due to the fact that the later Middle Seriyedang borrowed excessively from along the Yedal Road. With the country's unification under the Hо̄horei dynasty in 1633, Ssordonihwa became the standard dialect. This standardization, along with the rise of literacy and interest in, brought forth Early Modern Seriyedang, which characterizes the majority of early Basanreserian literature and approximates the modern language in many aspects. loanwords have proliferated since the Great Eulhae War, a few of which are actually pseudo-jeongminisms.

The Basanreserian language is and  with a  vowel system,  and lexically significant. Word order is normally, often with marking the grammatical function of words, serving the  and otherwise. Among these are which add emotional and emphatic impact or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender, and there are no. It also features a rather simplified system. Plenty of have survived from oral tradition to the modern day, which tend to disregard the aforementioned rules and reflect the  nature of Old Seriyedang.

The National Institute for Seriyedang is the council responsible for  the standard language, in addition to constructing controlled variant thereof. The Humibiwa-Institute is the  responsible for promoting the study of the Basanreserian language abroad and encouraging international.

Phonology
Seriyedang syllables are CV(C/V), meaning that they have an obligatory and an optional. As a result of a with more  than, the language also has a few more. There are no specific rules for, which is characterized by. It should be noted that the following tables concern only the standard language and therefore dialectical differences are not accounted for.

Vowels
is typically but not compulsorily indicated with a  ": U+003A" preceding the affected syllable. All vowels, and  at the start of a word are to be, unless they are preceded by a  (w- or y-). Due to the wo- and wu- sounds sharing the same (namely ㅢ), it is virtually impossible for a non-native learner to identify the correct sound. These glided diphthongs otherwise follow standard as far as applicable:

Consonants
The used to be definite and  (/b, d, g/), but in  now show signs of  (/p̚, t̚, k̚/), presumably due to  with. The that distinguishes ᄊ from ᄉ is also increasingly vanishing in the vernacular. The syllable finals -ᄉ and -ㅊ are pronounced /d/, a change dating back to Middle Seriyedang. To account for sounds absent from Jeongmian, Seriyedang also utilizes several. As per the spelling reform of 1996, the jamo ㆆ is no longer used to mark the.

Nouns
demonstrate no distinct, or. Hence they also receive no. In Middle Seriyedang, nouns were per case through. In Early Modern Seriyedang, these suffixes were as postpositions. Despite being pronounced in practice, few native speakers write the postpositions seperately to this day. The National Institute for Seriyedang nonetheless favors the divisive spelling. Early Modern Seriyedang also featured a larger inventory of, which have since been intuitively merged in Modern Seriyedang, as shown below:

The optional plural suffix is —다라 [dɐɾɐ] —dara, which therefore precedes all postpositions. See: :강ᅑᅡᆼ다라 욤 gāngjangdara yom "(in)to the townsquares", 이다다다라 야레 ‘idadadara yom "with/by the hammers" and 유마이다라 :도요 yumaidara dо̄yo "with the spouses". In Nuyebihwa, the of the National Institute, as well as in Simple Seriyedang, the  used for beginner learners and people with, the suffix is preceded by an  (·) ": U+00B7". See: :ᅑᅩᆼ동·다라 jо̄ndong·dara "(many) traditions; customs".
 * The  (comprising the and ) is left unmarked. The direct case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang "a/the townsquare(s)" is :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ]. Therefore, whether a noun is the  or the  of a  is strictly defined by . The suffixational  in either case should be 가 ga, therefore :강ᅑᅡᆼ가 gāngjangga [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ.gɐ] "this very townsquare; these very townsquares".
 * The  (marked with the postposition 히 hi) indicates an abstract possessive relationship, in which the suffixed noun is the possessor. The genitive case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is :강ᅑᅡᆼ 히 gāngjang hi [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ ɦi] "a/the townsquare's; (the) townsquares'".
 * The  (marked with the postposition 오로 ‘oro) indicates the recipient of an action. It concurs with the, which indicates the benefactor of an action, and the , which portrays the suffixed noun as the purpose of an action. The postposition 오로 ‘oro is actually the of the now antiquated 오룸 ‘orum. The dative case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is :강ᅑᅡᆼ 오로 gāngjang ‘oro [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ ˌʔo̞ɾo̞] "to a/the townsquare(s)". The causative case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is also :강ᅑᅡᆼ 오로 gāngjang ‘oro [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ ˌʔo̞ɾo] "for a/the townsquare(s)".
 * The  (marked with the postposition 욤 yom) indicates an abstract motion to or into a destination, which characterizes the suffixed noun. The lative case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is :강ᅑᅡᆼ 욤 gāngjang yom [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ jo̞m] "(in)to a/the townsquare(s)".
 * The  (marked with the postposition 다와 dawa) indicates a fixed location, which characterizes the noun. The postposition 다와 dawa is also colloquially as 다 da. The locative case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is :강ᅑᅡᆼ 다와 gāngjang dawa [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ ˌdɐwɐ] "at/on/by/in a/the townsquare(s)".
 * The  (comprising the and ) is marked with the postposition 오와 ‘owa, or colloquially with its  와 wa. It indicates the origin or the previous location of the suffixed noun, from which an action may also stem. The seperative case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is :강ᅑᅡᆼ 오와 gāngjang ‘owa [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ ˌʔo̞wɐ] "out of/from a/the townsquare(s)".
 * The  (marked with the postposition 야레 yare) portrays the suffixed noun as the means by which an action is complete. The postposition's colloquial aphetism is 아레 ‘are. The instrumentative case of 이다다 ‘idada [ˌʔi.dɐ.dɐ] "a/the hammer(s)" is 이다다 야레 ‘idada yare [ˌʔi.dɐ.dɐ ˌjɐɾe̞] "with/by a/the hammer(s)".
 * The  (marked with the postposition :도요 dо̄yo) indicates the person, in whose company an action is complete. The postposition's colloquial is :도룸 dо̄rum. The sociative case of 유마이 yumai [juˌmɐi] "a/the spouse(s)" is 유마이 :도요 yumai dо̄yo [juˌmɐi ˌdo̞ːjo̞] "with a/the spouse(s)".

Nouns can also cluster to modify one another, with the coming at the end. This affects formal and academic language for the most part. Standalone words whose initial vowels are do not undergo the same treatment when clustered. Consider the following:
 * 1) 세리 seri "nation; country" + 예당 yedang "speech; " → 세리예당 seriyedang "Basanreserian"
 * 2) 세리예당 seriyedang + 방난 bangnan "dialect; topolect" → 세리예당방난 seriyedangbangnan "dialect(s) of Basanreserian"
 * 3) 세리예당방난 seriyedangbangnan + 에람안 ‘eraman "understanding" → 세리예당방난에람안 seriyedangbangnaneraman "the understanding of Basanreserian dialects"
 * 4) 세리예당방난에람안 seriyedangbangnaneraman + 아랴움 aryaum "difficulty" → 세리예당방난에람안아랴움 seriyedangbangnaneramanaryaum [se̞.ɾiˌje̞.dɐŋ ˌbɐŋ.nan ˌe̞.ɾɐm.ɐn ˌɐ.ɾjɐ.um] "the difficulty of understanding Basanreserian dialects"

Honorifics and diminutive
Unlike, Seriyedang does not have a profound grammatical system to express politeness or formality. Due to its existence within the Sinjuan however, it has adopted several honorific conventions from  and.

Because the Seriyedang second-person singular pronoun 에이 [ʔe̞i] ‘ei now only has one rather antiquated formal variant, 안호가이 [ʔɐnˌɦo̞.gɐi] ‘anhogai, it is preferred to address all strangers and formal acquaintances with their full name instead of a pronoun. In addition, Seriyedang has seven pairs of verbs, whose plural forms can voluntarily be used for politeness and praise. Example: 김일숭님 김치 욤 바예 "Mr. Gim Il-Sung is going to the mountain."

The universal in  (—님〯 nǐm and —시 si)  were also attested in Middle Seriyedang. In Modern Seriyedang, these are —임 (—im; western dialects) and —님 (—nim; eastern dialects and standardized), and are suffixed to people's names and titles (such as occupations), in order to show formality to people of equal, e.g. 김일숭님 Gimilsungnim "Mr. Gim Il-Sung" or 총동님 Chongdongnim "Mr. President". Throughout the Waigayam however, —씨 (—ssi) has still survived in daily usage as a weaker version of —님 (—nim), e.g. in "warmer" workplace relations; ᅑᅩᆼᅑᅵ운씨 Jongjiunssi "Ms. Jeong Ji-eun". Similarly, the 이〮 "person" that forms the  developed into the modern suffix —이 (—i), which is traditionally applied to endeared family members and objects, e.g. 아ᅑᅦ ‘aje "dad" (reading of 爹) → 아ᅑᅦ이 ‘ajei "daddy"; 씨아 ssia "sweet (adj.)" → 씨아이 ssiai [ˌs͈i.ai] "candy (n.)".

 ( sangchu "reciprocal strike"), also present in, is also essential to maintaining formality and. Apart from one's head, common sangchu include phrases such as: Another common way of backchanneling is repeating topics as they're mentioned by the opposite speaker. See: ˥°후시구 화가뱌° 용화 ᅑᅡᆨ노 오기리니 기관찰하다○⠀⠀Husigu Hwagabya yonghwa jagno ‘ogirini gigwancharhada. ˥°후시구 화가뱌° 에이셀•⠀⠀Husigu Hwagabya ‘eiser? ˥알사실하다• 곅칭가 씹미우씨 나와 안•⠀⠀''‘Arsasirhada! Gyegchingga ssibmiussi nawa ‘an! ˥가 안ᅑᅵ• 및과니 가 아헤관찰하다○⠀⠀Ga ‘anji? Midgwani ga ‘ahegwancharhada.'' A: I was watching the movie "Husiku Hwakafa" yesterday. B: "Husiku Hwakafa", you say? A: Yes yes! And the plot was so captivating! B: Is that true? I should watch it too then.
 * 고로벤○ Goroben. [interjection] (formal affirmative)
 * 엡쏘○ ‘Ebsso. "Indeed; truly; right" (polite affirmative)
 * 가 에• Ga ‘e? or 가 안ᅑᅵ• Ga ‘anji? "Is that so?; Really?" (friendly affirmative)
 * 알사실하다• ‘Arsasirhada! "[That much] is true!" (from 事實 sasir "fact"; literally, "It was just made factual")

Adjectives and adverbs
The majority of native Basanreserian nouns double as adjectives and vice versa, as exemplified by the adjective 윙 wing "healthy" and noun 윙 wing "health". In order to formulate more specific meanings, Seriyedang once again utilizes noun agglutination, primarily in four ways: Adverbs can then be deduced with the suffixation of —:노 (—nо̄): 와이가우씨:노 waigaussinо̄ "waterily", 몬라이데구:노 mо̄nraidegunо̄ "diligently", 가리:오:노 gariо̄nо̄ "knife-bearingly", 익살니:노 igsarninо̄ "jestfully". (The same applies for like 윙 wing "health(y)", which becomes 윙:노 wingnо̄ "healthily".)
 * 1) Compounding with 우씨 [ˌʔu.s͈i] ‘ussi "trait; attribute": 와이가 [ˌwɐi.gɐ] waiga "water" + 우씨 → 와이가우씨 [wɐi.gɐˌu.s͈i] waigaussi "watery" 춰긴 [ˌt͡ɕʰwo̞.gin] chwogin "forest; jungle" + 우씨 → 춰긴우씨 [ˌt͡ɕʰwo̞.gin.u.s͈i] chwoginussi "forested"
 * 2) Compounding with 데구 [ˌde̞.gu] degu "image; semblance": 모웨라 [ˌmo̞.we̞.ɾɐ] mowera "toil" + 데구 → 모웨라데구 [mo̞.we̞.ɾɐˌde̞.gu] moweradegu "laborious; arduous" 몬라이 [mo̞nˌɾɐi] mоonrai "craft; profession" + 데구 → 몬라이데구 [mo̞nˌɾɐi.de̞.gu] mо̄nraidegu "diligent; industrious"
 * 3) Compounding with :오 [ʔo̞ː] ‘о̄ "grasp": 가리 [ˌgɐ.ɾi] gari "knife" + :오 → 가리:오 [ˌgɐ.ɾi.o̞ː] gariо̄ "knife-bearing" 할가 [ˌɦɐɾ.gɐ] harga "fetus; womb" + :오 → 할가:오 [ˌɦɐɾ.gɐ.o̞ː] hargaо̄ "pregnant"
 * 4) Compounding with 니 [ni] ni "habit" or 누 [nu] nu "surface": 익살 [ˌig.sɐɾ] igsar "humor" + 니 → 익살니 [ˌig.sɐɾ.ni] igsarni "playful; jestful" 아쑤가 [ˌʔɐ.s͈u.gɐ] ‘assuga "tidiness" + 누 → 아쑤가누 [ˌʔɐ.s͈u.gɐ.nu] ‘assuganu "tidy-looking"

Comparative degrees
While Seriyedang can express fairly easily (see: :본 bо̄n 'small' → :본 나와 bо̄n nawa 'smaller' → 용다 :본 yongda bо̄n 'smallest' or 가수이 :본 gasui bо̄n 'too small'), it lacks a straightforward and practical comparative system. Instead, comparisons must first become and then expressed with the aid of a supplementary verb and sometimes a. They are always presumed to be of superlative degree, unless a comparee is explicitized. These methods are as follows:
 * Using 앙아리 [ʔɐŋˌgɐ.ɾi] ‘angari "to surpass; to exceed" and 야레 [ˌjɐɾe̞] yare (instrumentative): 바로디:노 이차사예당 야레 기에이니앙아리 Barodinо̄ ‘ichasayedang yare gieiniangari "I respond more eloquently than you" eloquence- ADV respond INSTR 1s/2s-surpass
 * Using 에싸가 [ˌʔe̞.s͈ɐ.gɐ] ‘essaga "many; much; very", 앙아리 [ʔɐŋˌgɐ.ɾi] ‘angari "to surpass; to exceed" and 야레 [ˌjɐɾe̞] yare (instrumentative): 에싸가 두이마ᅎᅮ:노 안 야레 에이엔앙아리 ‘Essaga duimatsunо̄ ‘an yare ‘eienangari "You are far stronger than me" much strong- ADV be INSTR 2s/1s-surpass
 * Using 나와 [ˌnɐ.wɐ] nawa "instead" and 다와 [ˌdɐwɐ] dawa (locative): 칭 다와 나와 도헤란:노 아니호이데루 Ching dawa nawa doherannо̄ ‘anihoideru "They waited longer than us" 1p.incl LOC instead idle- ADV 3p-expect
 * Using 용다 [ˌjo̞ŋ.dɐ] yongda "most; utmost": 치 다와 용다 도헤란:노 호이데루 Chi yongda doherannо̄ hoideru "We waited most patiently" 1p.incl most idle- ADV expect

Deixis
The Basanreserian demonstrative adjectives make three distinctions based on spatial distance, similar to and. These must always precede nouns and cannot exist on their own, although one can use 담비 dambi "this thing here" and 담:고레 damgо̄re "this person here" and all their other derivatives, in order to nominalize them. When they describe a plural object, then plurally suffixing the noun described with —다라 (—dara) is ungrammatical (see: 네와 차실 newa chasir "that house", 네와록 차실 newarog chasir "those houses" and 네와록:고레 newaroggо̄re "those people"). These may additionally be the of a sentence (see: 네와 차실가 newa chasirga "that very house", 네와록 차실가 newarog chasirga "those very houses" and 네와록:고레가 newaroggо̄rega "those very people").

Verbs and pronouns
Basanreserian pronouns are divided into two categories: true and customary. True pronouns are and have their roots in. is not distinguished in the third-person, which is also characterized by lack of. , the acknowledgement of the listener's (in)participation in an action, is noted in this system. Their dependent forms mark agreement for number and case under all circumstances, but their independent (or standalone) forms, with the exception of the, have been nowadays reduced to informalities. Customary pronouns constitute a variety of traditionally that act as more formal pronouns with regard to,  and.

The following sentences serve to elucidate the differences between the two categories:
 * 구 암바 규수 구 안○ Gu ‘amba gyusu gu ‘an. I think, therefore I am. (traditional) 기암바 규수 기안○ Giamba gyusu gian. I think, therefore I am. (commonly )
 * ˥에• 하기시가 에이암답ᅑᅵ• ˥엡쏘◦ 기우다로 안• ‘E? Hagisiga ‘eiamdabji? ‘Ebsso, giudaro ‘an! A: Huh? You know Hagisi? B: Yes, he's my friend!

Voices and tenses
Verbs are inherently or intransitive, and likewise accept  in a  (SOV),  and. Whereas an extensive utilizing auxiliary verbs exists, it is only ever instinctively used when ambiguity could ensue. In any case, negation is conferred with 쏘모 ssomo, which precedes the primary verb (i.e. the last one in order). Consider the following examples:
 * 기에이니혹○ Gieinihog. I'm speaking to you.
 * 도호과 기에이니혹○ Dohogwa gieinihog. I spoke to you yesterday.
 * 니씨니 기에이니혹○ Nissini gienighog. I spoke to you (once).
 * 과니가 :초민도 니렌다 아농 오로 :솔묭하○ Gwangiga chо̄mindo nirendo ‘anong ‘oro sо̄lmyongha. It was me who explained to them what had happened.

The list of verb tenses is as follows, with the exclusion of any future tenses, which become explicit through context alone: ''The negative mood is always expressed by the antecedence of 쏘모 ssomo. See: 쏘모 아와니 아헤요 ssomo ‘awani ‘aheyo "I hadn't finished saying this". The passive voice is expressed by the a -∅r- infix, where ∅ is a vowel of. See: 알아헤요 ‘araheyo "to be said"; 울쑤다한 ‘urssuda "to be written"; 일기기 ‘irgigi "to be struck".
 * In the present (現在/씨안차이 ssianchai), the verb is preceded by no auxiliary verb. See: 아헤요 ‘aheyo "I'm saying this; I say this".
 * In the perfective present (完現在/오레씨안차이 ‘oressianchai), the verb is preceded by 리위니 riwini "to be fulfilled". See: 리위니 아헤요 riwini ‘aheyo "I just said this; I'm done saying this; I said this once and for all."
 * In the continuous present (繼現在/갼씨안차이 gyanssianchai), the verb is preceded by 씨리니 ssirini "to be renewed". See: 씨리니 아헤요 ssirini ‘aheyo "I continue to say this; I'm still saying this; I've been saying this for a while now".
 * In the habitual present (慣現在/관씨안차이 gwanssianchai), the verb is preceded by 교위니 gyowini "to be accustomed". See: 교위니 아헤요 gyowini ‘aheyo "I tend to say this often/a lot; I usually say this".
 * In the definitive present (確現在/각씨안차이 gagssianchai), the verb is preceded by 홈비니 hombini "to be firm". See: 홈비니 아헤요 hombini ‘aheyo "That's what I'm saying; I say this definitely; I'm definitely saying this".
 * In the past (過去/과게 gwage), the verb is preceded by 니씨니 nissini "to be done". See: 니씨니 아헤요 nissini ‘aheyo "I (have) said this (once)."
 * In the continuous past (繼過去/갼과게 gyangwage), the verb is preceded by 오기리니 ‘ogirini "to be expired". See: 오기리니 아헤요 ‘ogirini ‘aheyo "I had been saying this (in the past and not anymore)".
 * In the perfective past (完過去/오레과게 ‘oregwage), the verb is preceded by 아와니 ‘awani "to be approximated". See: 아와니 아헤요 ‘awani ‘aheyo "I had finished saying this; I was done with saying this (by then)".

The imperative and cohortative is formed by suffixing 한 -han to the main verb. The subject is typically omitted, when it can be implied through context. See: 쑤다한• Ssudahan! "Write!; Let's write!; Let's write [this down]!"

The prohibitive (negative imperative) however is formed in three different ways. Once again, the subject is omitted. See:
 * Neutral prohibitive with 이도기 ‘idogi (negation particle). See: 이도기 에이니기기• ‘Idogi ‘einigigi! "Don't hit me!"
 * Infuriated prohibitive with 쏘모 ssomo (negation particle) and 한 han (stems from Old Seriyedang 罕 han "scarce; unlikely" and thus unrelated to the cohortative han). See: 쏘모 에이니기기한• Ssomo ‘einigigihan! "Don't you hit me!"
 * Formal prohibitive with the modal 이예갈 iyegar "to beseech; to beg; to request" and 쏘모 ssomo. See: 기도이예갈 쏘모 에이니기기○ Gidoiyegar ssomo ‘einigigi. "Please don't hit me."

Verb agglutination
Much like nouns (see above), verbs can deliberately be clustered with other verbs (not adverbs; see above) in one to give emphasis or detail to an action. The most common instances of verbs include :


 * 에도구씨 ‘edogussi "to owe; to ought to; to have to; to must" + 븬다 byīnda "to slap on the face" → 에도구씨븬다 edogussibyīnda "to have to slap (one) on the face" 기에도구씨 기아헤븬다○ Giedogussi giahebyīnda. (clausal unagglutinated) 기아헤에도구씨븬다○ Giaheedogussibyīnda. (non-clausal agglutinated) I have to slap them (on the face).


 * 눈뇩 nunnyog "to can; to be able; to manage to" + 하다 hada "to do; to make happen" → 눈뇩하다 nunnyoghada "to be able to do (something); to manage to do (something)" 기도눈뇩 기하다○ Gidonunyog gihada. (clausal unagglutinated) 기도눈뇩하다○ Gidonunnyoghada. (non-clausal agglutinated) I can do it.


 * 루싀 rusui "to want; to wish; to will" + 고게둠옷치 gogedumodchi "to restrain oneself; to keep composure" (see cognate ko-keutum-oshitchiure) → 루싀고게둠옷치 "to want to restrain oneself (esp. in face of temptation)" 아농 기루싀 기고게둠옷치○ ‘Anong girusui gigogedumodchi. (clausal unagglutinated)  아농 기루싀고게둠옷치○ ‘Anong girusuigogedumodchi. (non-clausal agglutinated) They want(ed) to restrain themself.

The verbs 레 re "to put; to place" (native word) and 하다 hada "to do; to make happen" (a learned word from ) are two notable exceptions, in that their agglutination may occur with verbs, nouns and adjectives. They are used interchangeably (although -hada is favored for loanwords) to form. Examples: 촤빗예 chwabidye "bastard" → 촤빗예레 chwabidyere "to turn into a bastard; to bastardize (only for people)"; 危險/위홈 wihom "danger; peril" → 위홈하다 wihomhada "to endanger; to cause peril".

Writing system
⠀⠀⠀See also:  The first texts in the Seriyedang language were written by 9th century nobles, who utilized to represent Basanreserian sounds and meanings. The borrowing of from Jeongmi by the Buitsiye dynasty circa 1200 broadened the literary arts to the common people. By 1400, it had spread throughout all Basanreserian dynasties and effectively displaced Cheonja. Simultaneously, in areas of Fusenese, Juponese, Kinshūnese and Tosanese influence, a unique system had formed, which is still used by Fusenic minorities to this day. In its syllabary, Seriyedang utilizes several conventional considered obsolete in, and deviates ever so slightly from their original pronunciations. Notice that 홍 hong stands for "voice; sound; noise".    

Punctuation
Basanreserian punctuation is derived purely from conventions.
 * Machimbyo (闭标/마침뵤; "closing mark") or colloquially yongwon (圓圈/용원; "ring") is the Seriyedang, signified with "○".
 * Daibyo (逗标/다이뵤; "pause mark") or goribchom (选择點/고립촘; "choice dot") is the Seriyedang, denoted with "◦".
 * Ryanchibbyo (连接标/랸칩뵤; "conjunctive mark") is the all-purpose Seriyedang, signified either with "및" mid (when connecting nouns) or with "⌣" (when connecting clauses such as a ).
 * Dо̄mbyo (运标/:돔뵤; "lifted mark(s)") is an all-purpose Seriyedang (i.e. for both citations and titles), signified as "°" and enveloping the text. Within the quotation, another quotation sequence may begin, this time signified with "⌣" (see above).
 * Gо̄chimbyo (经由标/:고침뵤; "traversing mark") is the Seriyedang dialogue mark (written at the beginning of every new speech), signified as "˥".
 * Nuggimbyo (感标/눅김뵤; "sentimental mark") is an all-purpose Seriyedang (thus encompassing the functions of both an and an ), signified as "•".
 * Munchebyo (問題标/문체뵤; "question mark") is a Seriyedang (primarily for corrective purposes), signified as "▵".
 * Banbubyo (反复标/반부뵤; "relapse mark") is the Seriyedang, signified as "〻".
 * Chamgobyo (参考表/참고뵤; "reference mark") is the Seriyedang (see: ), signified as "※".