User:Rainau/Sandbox

Tlai Menh
Tlãi Mễnh (: 寨命 ), officially the Enduring Empire of Tlãi Mễnh (寨命堅帝國), is a  located in South Jungju. It is bordered by Lomtai to the west, Vạn Xuân to the east, and Ratanakiri to the south.

The kingdom sided with the Contingents in the Great Eulhae War and was forced to sign an unconditional surrender in its aftermath. A republic was proclaimed in 1943, but was challenged by the royal government-in-exile and its Legitimist supporters. In 1949, a civil war broke out, after which Wanh Quăl Lènh was reinstated. Ever since, Tlãi Mễnh was declared an empire, and the House of Wanh has been ruling the country, by controlling all three. The, Hội Đồng Tư Vấn, doubles as the. Elections are unfree and unfair, and political rights are very limited.

Proto stage

 * For reference and comparison: 

Phonology

 * Tones and vowel length preserved, however an acute vowel (á) followed by the same vowel in grave (à) is merged into acute (áà -> á).
 * As with many Bantu languages, transition to a restrictive -(C)(C)V- scheme, all syllables must end in vowels. Hereby enforced with schwa (ə).


 * Proto-Bantu *c becomes tʃ in monosyllabic lemmata and in diphthongs. Elsewhere it becomes ɸ.
 * Proto-Bantu *β (from *g or *k?) also becomes ɸ.
 * Proto-Bantu *mb and *mp are retained from earlier *Nb and *Np, but n before other consonants turns into ɲ.
 * Proto-Bantu initial *j becomes ɣ.
 * The rare standalone *ŋ becomes ɣ.

Noun classes


 * 1) Animate (humans) class: singular mʊ-, plural ɸa-.
 * 2) Inanimate (plants) class: singular mʊ-, plural mɪ-.
 * 3) Mixed inanimate (fruits, liquids, other mass nouns) class: singular dɪ-, plural ma-.
 * 4) Mixed inanimate (objects, languages and mannerisms) class: singular ke-, plural ɸi-.
 * 5) Animate (animals) class: singular ɣɪ- (fast transition from ɲ- to ŋ- to ɣ-), plural ɸɪ- (*li-/*di- confused for *βi- then *ɸɪ).
 * 6) Mixed inanimate (abstract concepts) class: singular do-, plural ma- (inherited from class 3).
 * 7) Diminutive class: singular ka-, plural tʊ- (negative to neutral meaning).
 * 8) Mixed inanimate (abstract concepts) class: singular bʊ-, plural ɸʊ- (under influence from class 4).
 * 9) Infinitives (verbal nouns) class: singular ko-, no plural.
 * 10) Exact or proximate (locative) class: singular pa-, no plural.
 * 11) Distal or approximate (locative) class: singular ko-, no plural.
 * 12) Interior (locative) class: singular mo-, no plural.
 * 13) Secondary diminutive class: singular pi-, plural tʊ- (inherited from class 7; mostly negative meaning)
 * 14) Putative class: singular ɣu-, no plural (extremely rare, mostly for spiritual terms).
 * 15) Augmentative class: singular ɣɪ-, plural ɸʊ- (inherited from class 8 under influence from class 5; positive to neutral meaning)
 * 16) Feeble approximate (locative) class: singular i-, no plural (preserved only in toponymy).


 * 1) (monosyllabic) ntʃe, (seldomly disyllabic) ɲɪɸe "all" (from PB *ncè)
 * 2) bóko "arm; hand; front paw" (from PB *bókò)
 * 3) bú "soil; ash; dust" (from PB *bú)
 * 4) da "belly; abdomen; intenstines" (from PB *dà)
 * 5) bumo "belly; abdomen; pregnancy; womb" (from PB *bùmò)
 * 6) néne "big" (from PB *nénè)
 * 7) ɣʊni "bird" (from PB *jʊ̀nì)
 * 8) dʊ́mə "bite" (from PB *dʊ́m)
 * 9) ɣídʊ "black" (from PB *jídʊ̀)
 * 10) kúpa "bone" (from PB *kúpà)
 * 11) béde "breast; nipple; udder" (from PB *béèdè)
 * 12) pɪ́ "hot; burned; cooked; ripe; red" (from PB *pɪ́)
 * 13) pépo "wind; cold" (from PB *pépò)
 * 14) pódə "cold; cooled down; quiet" (from PB *pód)
 * 15) ɣijə "come" (from PB *jìj)
 * 16) kú "die" (from PB *kú)
 * 17) bʊ́a "dog" (from PB *bʊ́à)
 * 18) ɲó "drink" (from PB *nyó)
 * 19) ɣʊ́mə "dry" (from PB *jʊ́m)
 * 20) tʊ́i "ear" (from PB *tʊ́ì)
 * 21) dɪ́ "eat" (from PB *dɪ́)
 * 22) gɪ́ "egg" (from PB *gɪ́)
 * 23) ɣíɸo "eye" (from PB *jícò)
 * 24) kúta "fat; oil" (from PB *kútà)
 * 25) ɸádá "feather" (from PB *cádá)
 * 26) pɪ́a "fire" (from PB *pɪ́à)
 * 27) ɣóto "fire; fireplace" (from PB *jótò)
 * 28) (disyllabic) ɸújɪ́, (seldomly monosyllabic) tʃú "fish" (from PB *cúɪ́)
 * 29) gʊdʊkə "fly; run fast" (from PB *gʊ̀dʊk)
 * 30) ɣíjadə "full; satiated" (merger of PB *jíjad and *jíjʊd)
 * 31) pá "give" (from PB *pá)
 * 32) tʃí "ground; land; country; underneath" (from PB *cɪ́)
 * 33) búɪ "white hair; wool" (from PB *búɪ̀)
 * 34) tʊ́e "head" (from PB *tʊ́è)
 * 35) ɣígu "hear" (from PB *jígu)
 * 36) tɪ́ma "heart; liver" (from PB *tɪ́mà)
 * 37) ɣígá "horn" (from PB *jɪ́gá)
 * 38) bʊ́də "break; smash; kill brutally" (from PB *bʊ́d)
 * 39) dúɪ́ "knee" (from PB *dúɪ́)
 * 40) (colloquial disyllabic) ɣíjɪ, (formal trisyllabic) ɣíjɪbə "know" (from PB *jíjɪ and *jíjɪb respectively)
 * 41) ɣáni "leaf; grass" (from PB *jánì)
 * 42) gʊdʊ "leg; hind leg" (from PB *gʊ̀dʊ̀)
 * 43) dádə "lie down; sleep; overnight" (from PB *dáad)
 * 44) daɪ "long" (from PB *dàì)
 * 45) dʊ́me "man; male; husband" (from PB *dʊ́mè)
 * 46) ɣíɲgɪ́ "many; much" (from PB *jíngɪ́)
 * 47) ɲama "animal; meat" (from PB *nyàmà, omitting synonymous *títʊ́)
 * 48) ɣédi "moon; month" (from PB *jédì)
 * 49) nʊa "mouth; lip" (from PB *nʊ̀à)
 * 50) ɣáda "fingernail; toenail; claw" (from PB *jádà)
 * 51) ɣína "name; title" (from PB *jínà)
 * 52) koti "neck; nape; occiput" (from PB *kòtì)
 * 53) pía "new" (from PB *pɪ́à)
 * 54) tíkʊ "night" (from PB *tíkʊ̀)
 * 55) bombó "forehead; nose-bridge" (from PB *bòmbó)
 * 56) ɣʊ́dʊ "nose; nostril" (from PB *jʊ́dʊ̀)
 * 57) ɣida "path; way" (from PB *jɪ̀dà)
 * 58) ntʊ "person" (from PB *ntʊ̀)
 * 59) búda "rain" (from PB *búdà)
 * 60) kʊ́da "red (color/substance)" (from PB *kʊ́dà)
 * 61) tína "root; base of tree trunk; banana tree" (from PB *tínà)
 * 62) di "root; fiber" (from PB *dì)
 * 63) ɸéké "grain; dreg; chaff" (from PB *céké)
 * 64) ɸeɲga "sand; sandy ground" (from PB *cèngà)
 * 65) gambə "speak; reply" (from PB *gàmb)
 * 66) ti "say; quote" (from PB *tɪ̀)
 * 67) bónə "see; find; acquire; undergo" (from PB *bón)
 * 68) bʊ́to "seed" (from PB *bʊ́tò)
 * 69) ké "small; tiny" (from PB *kéè)
 * 70) ɣíki "smoke" (from PB *jíkì)
 * 71) ɣɪ́ma "stand; stop" (from PB *jɪ́m)
 * 72) táde "stone" (from PB *tádè, omitting synonymous *bʊ̀è)
 * 73) ɣʊ́ba "sun" (from PB *jʊ́bà)
 * 74) ɣógə "bathe; wash; swim" (from PB *jóg)
 * 75) dími "tongue; language; flame" (from PB *dɪ́mì)
 * 76) ɣíno "tooth; molar tooth" (from PB *jínò, omitting synonymous *gègò)
 * 77) tɪ́ "stick; tree" (from PB *tɪ́)
 * 78) geɲdə "walk; travel; go (away)" (from PB *gènd)
 * 79) ɣíjɪ "water" (from PB *jíjɪ̀)
 * 80) kádí "woman; female; wife" (from PB *kádí)
 * 81) bá "be; dwell; live; become" (from PB *bá)
 * 82) bɪ́ "bad" (from PB *bɪ́ɪ̀)
 * 83) bímbə "swell" (from PB *bímb)
 * 84) bɪɲgə "chase; chase away; go after; hunt" (from PB *bɪ̀ng)
 * 85) bodə "rotten" (from PB *bòd)
 * 86) ɸekə "laugh; joke" (from PB *cèk)
 * 87) ɸeɲgə "cut" (from PB *cèng)
 * 88) ɸiɲgʊ "rub; smear" (from PB *cìngʊ)
 * 89) demə "heavy; honored" (from PB *dèm)
 * 90) diba "deep water; pool; pond; lake" (from PB *dìbà)
 * 91) dɪdə "weep; shout; wail" (from PB *dɪ̀d)
 * 92) dɪmbə "trap (by birdlime); stick; firm" (from PB *dɪ̀mb)
 * 93) díɲgə "turn around; wind round; wrap up" (from PB *díng)
 * 94) dʊ "fight" (from PB *dʊ̀)
 * 95) dʊdə "bitter; sharp" (from PB *dʊ̀d)
 * 96) dʊ́kə "vomit" (from PB *dʊ́k)
 * 97) dumbə "smell" (from PB *dùmb)
 * 98) dʊɲgə "connect (by tying); join" (from PB *dʊ̀ng)
 * 99) dʊɲgə "straight; right; fitting; adjust" (from PB *dʊ̀ng)
 * 100) dutə "pull" (from PB *dùt, omitting synonymous *kʊ̀d)
 * 101) gaɲgə "tie up" (from PB *gàng)
 * 102) gɪdə "do; act" (from PB *gɪ̀d)
 * 103) gʊ̀ "fall" (from PB *gʊ̀)
 * 104) gʊɲda "forest; garden; lush vegetation" (from PB *gʊ̀ndà)
 * 105) ɣáka "year; (cultivation) season; harvest" (from PB *jákà)
 * 106) ɣána "child; offspring" (from PB *jánà)
 * 107) ɣátə "split; separate" (from PB *ját)
 * 108) ɣíɸɪ "day; daytime" (from PB *jícɪ̀)
 * 109) ɣíjɪ "river; waterhole" (from PB *jíjɪ̀)
 * 110) ɣɪmbə "sing" (from PB *jɪ̀mb)
 * 111) ɣóka "snake; (intestinal) worm" (from PB *jókà)
 * 112) kádə "sour; fierce" (from PB *kád)
 * 113) kámə "squeeze; wring" (from PB *kám)
 * 114) kedə "slice; cut (violently)" (from PB *kèd)
 * 115) kɪ́nə "dance; frolic; play" (from PB *kɪ́n)
 * 116) kómə "hit (with hammer); beat (up); kill violently" (from PB *kóm)
 * 117) kʊ́dʊ́ "old; adult; master; elder" (from PB *kʊ́dʊ́)
 * 118) kʊ́ni "firewood; timber" (from PB *kʊ́nì)
 * 119) pádə "scrape; scratch; wound" (from PB *pád)
 * 120) peepə "blow; winnow; smoke; breathe" (from PB *pèep)
 * 121) píɸə "hide; cover; conceal" (from PB *píc)
 * 122) pinə "press; squeeze (esp. with fingers)" (from PB *pìn)
 * 123) pípə "suck; suckle; extract juice" (from PB *píp)
 * 124) pukə "dig up; fling up (earth)" (from PB *pùk, omitting synonymous *tím)
 * 125) tá "throw (away); place trap; lose" (from PB *tá)
 * 126) tái "spit; spittle" (from PB *táì)
 * 127) táko "buttock; rear; back" (from PB *tákò)
 * 128) tɪ́ "fear; worry" (from PB *tɪ́)
 * 129) tíɲdə "push (back)" (from PB *tínd)
 * 130) títʊ́ "forest; thicket" (from PB *títʊ́)
 * 131) tó "stamp; pound; grind; crush" (from PB *tó)
 * 132) tú "negotiate; barter" (from PB *tú)
 * 133) tʊ́ádə "carry (on head/away); bring; include; be chief" (from PB *tʊ́ád)
 * 134) túmə "stab" (from PB *túm)
 * 135) túmə "sew; plait" (from PB *túm)
 * 136) tʊ́ɲgə "build; construct" (from PB *tʊ́ng)
 * 137) kʊ́kʊ́ "skin; flesh" (from PB *kɪ=kʊ́kʊ́)
 * 138) lopa "blood" (from PB *mʊ=lopa)
 * 139) lʊnde "cloud" (from PB *i=lʊnde)
 * 140) (disyllabic) ɲidá, (seldomly monosyllabic) ɲdá "flea" (from PB *ndá)
 * 141) ɣijá "good" (from PB *jijá)
 * 142) ɸʊkɪ́ "hair" (from PB *lʊ=cʊkɪ́)
 * 143) gʊlʊ "hill; mountain" (from PB *gʊlʊ)
 * 144) ɲéɲe "star" (from PB *nyénye(dí))
 * 145) kɪ́la "tail" (from PB *mʊ=kɪ́la)
 * 146) ɣélə "white; bright" (from PB *=jél-ʊ)

(Numbers 6-9 are varied between Bantu languages due to their being a later invention. Here, I use the "[ten] loses [number]" meaning found in Zulu numbers 8-9.) For further numbers, hypothetically: ikʊ́mi ná moi "ten has/is with/and one" (ná- is a prefix conjunction; confer with Latin suffix -que)
 * 1 moi "one" (from PB *-mòì)
 * 2 badɪ́ "two" (from PB *-bàdɪ́)
 * 3 ɸáɸʊ "three" (from PB *-cácʊ̀, variant of pure *-tátʊ̀)
 * 4 nai "four" (from PB *-nàì)
 * 5 ɸáno "five" (from PB *-cáànʊ̀, variant of pure *-táànò)
 * 6 ɸɪtánai "six; it loses four" (from ɸɪ- [3sg.] + tá "to lose" + nai "four" [do not confuse with ]; recall "tá" from Swadesh list)
 * 7 ɸɪtáɸáɸʊ "seven; it loses three"
 * 8 ɸɪtábadɪ́ "eight; it loses two"
 * 9 ɸɪtámoi "nine; it loses one"
 * 10 ikʊ́mi "ten" (from PB *ìkʊ́mì)
 * 100 ɣunéne "hundred; it is supposedly big" (from ɣu- [putative] + néne "big"; confer with Zulu 'ikhulu' "that which is big")

Grammar
The Bantu standard word order is SVO, the proto stage is bound by this. I'm using this excerpt of an international conference to introduce pronouns and verbal prefixes. The grammar is also pro-drop. Various verb suffixes I could find:
 * Pronouns resemble preliminary Oko (Benue-Congo): me (1sg.), ɣo (2sg.), to (1pl.), no (2pl.).
 * For 3sg./3pl, following Benue-Kwa trend: ɸu (3sg.; from *ju), ba (3pl.; from *ba).
 * Subject verbal concords (seem to be related to the standalone pronouns above): mɪ- (1sg.), o- (2sg.), ɸɪ- (3sg.), to- (1pl.), nɪ- (2pl.), ba- (3pl.).
 * Object verbal concords (also inspired by pronouns): -m- (1sg.), -ko- (2sg.), -ɸ- (3sg.), -to- (1pl.), -no- (2pl.), -bə- (3pl.).
 * Reflexive object concord: -tʃí- (inspired by Zulu -zí-)
 * Two standalone copulae: bá "to be (attributive)" and ná "to have; (lit.) to be with"
 * Negation through standalone prepositional word 'hi' (inspired by Otjiherero's participles).
 * -i [agent noun] (from PB *-ì)
 * -o [action noun, result noun, instrument noun, adverb] (from PB *-ò); e.g. pao "this (here)" and koo "that (there)" (using locative noun classes)
 * -ʊ́ [passive adjective, past participle] (from PB *-ʊ́); e.g. kʊ́dʊ́ "adult; senior; old" (from PB *-kʊ́dʊ́; from kʊ́da "to grow" + -ʊ́)
 * -adə [extensive] (from PB *-ad); e.g. dádə "to sleep" (from PB *dá + *-ad)
 * -əna [reciprocal] (from PB *-ana); e.g. táəna "to lose/throw away each other"
 * -ɪka [neuter-passive] (from PB *-ɪka); e.g. táɪka "to be disposable/easily lost"
 * -ɪda [applicative] (from PB *-ɪda); e.g. túɪda "to negotiate (something) for (someone)" in 'kʊ́ni ba-m-tú-ɪda' "they (pl.) negotiated timber on my behalf" (technically OSV).
 * -ʊka [reversive (based on applicative above)] (from PB *-ʊka); e.g. ɣíbʊka "to rise; wake up; resurface" (from PB *-jíbɪda "to sink" + *-ʊka)
 * -íɸia [causative] (from PB *-ícia); e.g. kóməíɸia "to make(/order/force) someone hit with a hammer"
 * -úa [passive] (from PB *-úa); e.g. táúa "to be lost" or túúa "to be negotiated"

I'm improvising the grammar as Bantu languages show great variety, grammar resources are scarce, and Proto-Bantu grammar is not definite.
 * Transitive past simple: (bónə "to undergo" + -íɸia [causative] + main verb stem); e.g. ɸɪbóníɸiadʊɲgə "They (sg.) tied up (something); (lit.) They make/made it undergo connection"
 * Intransitive past stimple: (bónə "to undergo" + main verb stem); e.g. tobónətɪ́ "We worried; (lit.) We undergo/underwent fear"
 * Transitive imperative: (pá "to give" + main verb stem + -gɪdə "to do"); e.g. pádutəgɪdə "Pull!; (lit.) to give pulling action"
 * Intransitive imperative: (pá "to give" + main verb stem + -ɪka [neuter-passive]); e.g. pákɪ́nɪka "Dance!; (lit.) to give danced-ness"

Sample: Pao mʊntʊ, iTáikjeɲg mʊɣánabá, ɣíɲgɪ́ ɸekúa ("This Taikiengese is laughed about much.") Sample analysis: Pao mʊ-ntʊ, i-Táikjeɲg mʊ-ɣána-bá, ɣíɲgɪ́ ɸek(ə)-úa This 1class-person, 16class-Taikieng 1class-offspring-1copula, much joke-passive (lit.) This person, a child at Taikieng he was [=he was raised in Taikieng], much is joked

Grammar
The grammar continues to be SVO, but has strong VSO tendencies until it becomes fully VSO by the end of the stage. This concurs with the word order of Afroasiatic languages, although contact with them is not necessary. The of Cameroon uses SOV to this day and is a testament to the flexibility of Bantu. The transition can also be justified through poetic/oral tradition and topic prominence, like many European languages.

Changes:
 * Corruption of transitive past simple as '-bóɸ(ə)-' [deez nuts]; e.g. ɸɪbóɸədʊɲgə "They (sg.) tied up (something)"

Phonology
Phonotactics: (C)(C)(C)(V)(V)(V)(C)(C)

Vowels
(Old Korean > Early conlang)

Consonants
(Proto Korean > Early conlang)
 * m > m
 * n > n
 * ŋ > ŋ [when followed by n, then ɲ]
 * p > p
 * t > t
 * c > k
 * k > k
 * x > h
 * s > s
 * r/l > l [when followed by l, then ɭ]
 * j > ɟ

Noun affixes

 * Nominative: -i (伊)
 * Genitive: -ɤɟ (衣) or -s (叱)
 * Accusative: -l (乙) or -ɤl (乙)
 * Dative: -ɜɟ (中) or -hɜɟ (良中)
 * Instrumental: -lo (留) or -ɤlo (留)
 * Comitative: -wɐ (果) or -kwɐ (果)
 * Vocative: -ɐ (良) or -ɟɐ (也) or -hɐ (下)


 * Topic marker: -n (隱) or -ɤn (隱) or -nɤn (隱)
 * Additive: -do (置)
 * "Or" conjunction: -nɐ (奈) or -ɤnɐ (奈) [an inclusive/exclusive division can emerge from this!]
 * Honorific (subordinate to superior): -si- (賜)
 * Humble (superior to subordinate): -sɤh- (白)
 * Plural marker: (from */tatVk/?) -tɐtɤk (達)

Demonstratives and pronouns
(Following coined as per Middle Korean) Near: i- (prefix), ikɜs 'this' (object), ikɜs-hi 'here' (place) Medial/Aforementioned: ky-, kykɜs 'that', kykɜs-hi 'there' Far: tsɤ, tsɤɜs 'that yonder', tsɤɜs-hi 'yonder'

(Proto Korean > Early conlang) (Following coined as per Middle Korean)
 * na 'I' > nɐ
 * ne 'you (sg.)' > nɜ
 * uri 'we' > ɤli
 * ne + tatVk 'you (pl.)' > nɜtɐtɤk
 * (third person sg. pronoun from demonstrative) > kykɜs
 * (third person pl. pronoun from demonstraive + pl. marker) > kykɜstɐtɤk

Verbs
Two verb stems: See: ɐl "to know" + -ɜ⁄ɐ = ɐlɐ (alternatively ɐltɐ) mɜk "to eat" + -ɜ⁄ɐ = mɜkɜ (alternatively mɜktɐ) But: kɐ "to go" > kɐ (alternatively kɐtɐ) wo "to come" > wɐ (alternatively wotɐ) sy "to stand" > sɜ (alternatively sytɐ) (ps)sutɐ "to use" > psytɜ (alternatively psytɐ)
 * One preceding the canonical [for learning purposes only] infinitive ending -tɐ.
 * One with a harmonic vowel suffix (and when applicable, vowel contraction) [literary]: -ɜ⁄ɐ.

Numerals
(Proto Korean > Early conlang) (Rest are Old Chinese borrowings)
 * 1) hət(V)- / hətan > hɤtɐn
 * 2) tupɨr > tupyl
 * 3) se- / seki > sɜki
 * 4) ne / neki > nɜki
 * 5) tasə > tɐsɤ
 * 6) jəsəs > ɟɤsɤs
 * 7) nilkup > nilkup
 * 8) jətərp > ɟɤtɤlp
 * 9) ahop > ɐhop
 * 10) jer > ɟɜl
 * 11) jerhətan (and so on) > ɟɜlhɤtɐn
 * (Middle Korean) sumulh '20' > sumyl
 * (MK) syelhun '30' > sɟɜlhɤn
 * (MK) màzón '40' > mɐslon
 * (MK) swuyn '50' > swyn
 * (MK) yèswuyn '60' > ɟɜswyn
 * (MK) nìlhún '70' > nilhɤn
 * (MK) yètún '80' > ɟɜtɤn
 * (MK) ahon '90' > ɐhon
 * (MK) ??? '100' (from adnominal form of wòól-tá 'to become whole'; pre-MK wòpón) > ???

Tosanic
東潮 Tōnjō ("east charm" or "east morntide") is a place in Yaettengkok? Its name is derived from Sinic readings; 東 tōn from Cheonjean /*toːŋ/; 潮 jō (see also Fusenese go-on) from Cheonjean /ɖˠiᴇu/. The Tonjonese language hence 東潮語 Tōnjōgu, or more conservatively 東潮ザチンﾞ Tōnjōshatim ("shatim" accredited to a Pre-Tonjonese culture). It is written using a combination of 齊字 ' and 平字 ' for native words, as well as 片字 ' (see Jeongmian 편 pyeon) for foreign words. Some puyōnja are also used to amend the phonetical gaps of Fusenese equivalent and ancestor '.