Ambemarivo

Ambemaribu, officially the People's Republic of Ambemaribu (Fyumbunan ahi mbitani Ambemaribu; Ambemaribese pronunciation: ; : 譾溪人民共和國), is an in the Ulbyeon Ocean, approximately 400 kilometers (250 miles) off the coast of East Matobo. Ambemaribu is a ; over ninety percent of its wildlife is found nowhere else in Tiandi. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.

The archaeological evidence of the earliest human foraging on Ambemaribu may date up to 10,000 years ago. Human settlement of Ambemaribu occurred between 350 BC and 550 CE by, arriving on from Kendan. The social and religious situation of Kendan during those times were that of, along with native Kendanese culture. These were joined around the 9th century CE by Tsongtikese migrants crossing the Matobwe Channel from East Miju. Other groups continued to settle on Ambemaribu over time, each one making lasting contributions to Ambemaribese cultural life and eventually being assimilated to the dominant tribes. The Ambemaribese ethnic group is often divided into two or more subgroups, of which the largest are the on the central highlands.

Until mid-11th century, the island of Ambemaribu was ruled by a fragmented assortment of shifting sociopolitical alliances. Self-appointed King Razafimahadradra of descent gathered an army in c. 1270 — 1272 and began conquering lands west and north of modern-day Ankabari. In every conquered tribe and lesser kingdom, he permitted a series of local nobles to govern, and carried on with his expansions until the total absorption in 1302. His successors failed both to assert dominance over the noble governors and to fend off Viet invasions from the north starting in 1610. Oligarch warlords organized to halt Viet expansion to the mainland and succeeded in 1623. In the following three years, Hokanese colonists arrived in great numbers to assist the Viet conquests, and with their allegiance the Viet imperial forces had surrounded Ankabari in 1626. The Kingdom of Ambemaribu was forced to sign resignation and the island was henceforth ruled as a special by a Sekbuani ("Imperial General"), whereas Hokanese settlers were in charge of the local trade.

Increasing trade with Sinju (particularly Hokan proper) saw the Province adopt new reformations, including the implementation of the into the educational curriculum. The systematic literacy in turn brought the common populace closer to the Sinju cultural world, with native fine arts and literature flourishing during that period. The thought developed in Hokan during the 1880s found its way to Ambemaribu and was embraced by the more liberal Hokanese community, which then began indoctrinating the native peasantry. Despite pressure from Sekbuani Phan Văn Dũng, such as stripping away many of the Hokanese settlers, the provincial rule officially ceased in 1906, following a successful communalist revolution the previous year. Since 1910, the nation has officially been governed as a   from its capital Ankabari. Ambemaribu is ever since a member of the Congress of Nations, the Pan-Miju Conference, OSDMA and the International Communalist Forum.

Nowadays, Ambemaribu prides itself on having a robust navy and carrying out meticulous industrializations with respect to the environment. The majority of the population adheres to traditional beliefs,, or an amalgamation of both. Ecotourism and agriculture, paired with greater investments in education, health, and, are key elements of Ambemaribu's development strategy. The Ambemaribese economy however still struggles against and other trade restrictions imposed by the Congress of Nations. On 18 August 2005, Chancellor Nyiradu Rajamau announced in collaboration with Hokan, a Solidarity Plan, in which citizens of both nations may travel freely between the two countries for work.

Etymology
In the Ambemaribese language, the island's appellation Ambemaribu ( Ambemaribese pronunciation: ) literally means "at the expansion of a shallow" or "a place of shallow waters", and its people are referred to as Maribuluna, a of Ambemaribu and uluna ("person; individual"). The name Ambemaribu was allegedly first coined by King Razafimahadradra during his unification campaign in the 1270s. No single Ambemaribese-language name for the island appears to have predated it and used by the local populace, but rather there were names for the various communities and the parts of land they inhabited.

Shortly after Viet occupation, the island was officially assigned names in the predominant Sinju languages: Khê Nông in, Ziǎnqī in , Dingsi in  and Senkei in ; all under the  譾溪 ("shallow stream"). The two contemporary self-designations 人民共和國 Zēnmǐngōnhhǔkōq ("") and the native Fyumbunan ahi mbitani ("national federal republic") are conventions adopted at the aftermath of the Peasants' Uprising.

Geography
⠀⠀⠀Main articles: and  At 25,711 km2 (9,927 sq mi), Ambemaribu is one of Tiandi's, lying mostly between latitudes and , and longitudes  and. The nearest mainland states are Tsongtiko and Matobo, both located to the west.

The prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent seperated the Ambemaribu–Nduri–Waeno landmass from the Miju–Cheongju landmass around 135 million years ago. Ambemaribu later split from Waeno about 88 million years ago during the late, allowing plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation. Along the length of the eastern coast runs a narrow and steep containing much of the island's remaining tropical.

To the west of this ridge lies a in the center of the island ranging in altitude from 750 to 1,500 m (2,460 to 4,920 ft) above sea level. These, traditionally the homeland of the and the location of their historic capital at Ankabari, are the most densely populated part of the island and are characterized by terraced, rice-growing valleys lying between grassy hills and patches of the  that formerly covered the highland region. To the west of the highlands, the increasingly arid terrain gradually slopes down to the Matobwe Channel and along the coast.

Ambemaribu's highest peaks rise from three prominent highland : 2,876 m (9,436 ft) in the, followed by Fyakdrosona 2,658 m (8,720 ft) in the  and Fitiajabuna 2,643 m (8,671 ft) in the  Massif. The  is a chain of natural and connected by canals built by the Viet just inland from the northernmost tip and running parallel to the western coast for some 600 km (370 mi).

The western and southern sides, which lie in the of the central highlands, are home to, , and. Due to their lower population densities, Ambemaribu's dry deciduous forests have been better preserved than the eastern rain forests or the original woodlands of the central plateau. The western coast features many protected harbors, but is a major problem caused by  from the high levels of inland  carried by rivers crossing the broad western plains.

Climate
⠀⠀⠀Main article: 

The combination of southeastern and northwestern  produces a hot rainy season (November–April) called Mifaynatuna with frequently destructive, and a relatively cooler dry season (May–October) called Fanalatuna. Rain clouds originating over the Ulbyeon Ocean discharge much of their moisture over the island's eastern coast; the heavy precipitation supports the area's ecosystem. The central highlands are both drier and cooler while the west is drier still, and a prevails in the southwest and southern interior of the island.

cause damage to infrastructure and local economies as well as loss of life. In 1994, Cyclone Hanseong became the strongest cyclone ever recorded to hit Ambemaribu. The storm killed 172 people, left 214,260 homeless and caused more than 圓250 million in damage.

Ecology
⠀⠀⠀Main articles: Wildlife of Ambemaribu, Flora of Ambemaribu, Fauna of Ambemaribu,, ⠀⠀⠀, and List of World Heritage Sites in Ambemaribu

As a result of the island's long isolation from neighboring continents, Ambemaribu is home to various plants and animals found nowhere else on Tiandi. Approximately 90 percent of all plant and animal species found in Ambemaribu are. This distinctive ecology has led some ecologists to refer to Ambemaribu as the "eighth continent" and classify it as a biodiversity hotspot. More than 80 percent of Ambemaribu's 14,883 plant species are found nowhere else in the world, including five plant families. The family , composed of four genera and 11 species, is limited to the of southwestern Ambemaribu. Four-fifths of the world's  species are endemic to the island. Three-fourths of Ambemaribu's 860 species are found here alone, as are six of the world's nine  species. The island is home to around 170 palm species, three times as many as on all of mainland Miju; 165 of them are endemic. Many native plant species are used as herbal remedies for a variety of afflictions. The drugs and  are, used to treat , , and other cancers, were derived from the. The, known locally as rabinala and endemic to the eastern rain forests, is highly iconic of Ambemaribu and is featured in the Air Ambemaribu logo.

Like its flora, Ambemaribu's fauna is diverse and exhibits a high rate of endemism. Lemurs have been characterized as "Ambemaribu's flagship mammal species" by the Federal Department of Home Affairs. In the absence of monkeys and other competitors, these have adapted to a wide range of habitats and diversified into numerous species. As of 2012, there were officially, 39 of which were described by zoologists between 2000 and 2008. They are almost all classified as rare, vulnerable, or endangered. At least 17 species of lemur have become extinct since humans arrived on Ambemaribu, all of which were larger than the surviving lemur species.

A number of other mammals, including the cat-like, are endemic to Ambemaribu. Over 300 species of birds have been recorded on the island, of which over 60 percent (including four families and 42 genera) are endemic. The few families and genera of that have reached Ambemaribu have diversified into more than 260 species, with over 90 percent of these being endemic (including one endemic family). The island is home to two-thirds of the world's species, including the  (Piyeok jakda), and researchers have proposed that Ambemaribu may be the origin of all chameleons.

Endemic fish of Ambemaribu include two families, 15 genera and over 100 species, primarily inhabiting the island's freshwater lakes and rivers. Although invertebrates remain poorly studied on Ambemaribu, researchers have found high rates of endemism among the known species. All 651 species of terrestrial snail are endemic, as are a majority of the island's butterflies,, , spiders and dragonflies.

Environmental issues
⠀⠀⠀Main articles: and  Ambemaribu's varied fauna and flora are endangered by human activity. Since the arrival of humans around 10,000 years ago, Ambemaribu has lost more than 90 percent of its original forest. This forest loss is largely fueled by tabi-tabi ("lardy"), a traditional agricultural practice imported to Ambemaribu by the earliest settlers. Ambemaribese farmers embrace and perpetuate the practice not only for its practical benefits as an agricultural technique, but for its cultural associations with prosperity, health and venerated ancestral custom (fumpa maribuluna). As human population density rose on the island, deforestation accelerated beginning around 1,400 years ago. By the 16th century, the central highlands had been largely cleared of their original forests. More recent contributors to the loss of forest cover include the growth in cattle herd size since their introduction around 1,000 years ago, a continued reliance on charcoal as a fuel for cooking, and the increased prominence of, and  as  over the past century. According to a conservative estimate, about 40 percent of the island's original forest cover was lost from the 1850s to 1900, with a thinning of remaining forest areas by 80 percent. Prior to the 1910 constitution, wildlife conservation was also challenged by the, which has since been strictly prohibited. Invasive species have likewise been introduced by human populations. Following the 2008 discovery in Ambemaribu of the, a relative of a toad species that has severely harmed wildlife in Waeno since the 1930s, researchers warned the toad could "wreak havoc on the country's unique fauna". Habitat destruction and hunting have threatened many of Ambemaribu's endemic species or driven them to extinction. The island's, a family of endemic giant , became extinct in the 17th century or earlier, most probably because of human hunting of adult birds and poaching of their large eggs for food. A July 2012 assessment found that the exploitation of natural resources since 2009 has had dire consequences for the island's wildlife: 90 percent of lemur species were found to be threatened with extinction, the highest proportion of any mammalian group. Of these, 23 species were classified as critically endangered. By contrast, a previous study in 2008 had found only 38 percent of lemur species were at risk of extinction.

In 2003, the Chairmen's Council announced the Preservation Edict, an initiative to more than triple the island's to over 10,000 km2 (6,213 sq mi) or about 50 percent of Ambemaribu's land surface. As of 2011, areas protected by the state included five Strict Nature Reserves (Fitaizani Zavabuari Hienjan), 21 Wildlife Reserves (Fitaiza Haulu) and 21 National Parks (Vuoni Tani). In 2007 six of the national parks were declared a joint under the name. These parks are, , Ranumapi, , and.