Seriyedang

''"Basanreserian" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Basanreserian people.''

Basanreserian (세리예당, Seriyedang ) is a Sinjuan language spoken by about 22 million people, primarily in Basanreseri, where it is the and. It is a member of the language family and recognized as a  in the Yedal Union. Its writing system has been for the major part of its history; it was first ever written using. , where they have to be abbreviated, adhere to the.

Little is known about the language's prehistory or when it first began diverging from. Cheonjean documents from the 5th century recorded a few distinct Basanreserian words, but it is uncertain whether they constituted a seperate language or merely a dialect. Substantial texts did not appear until the 9th century, a little later than when the language had presumably completed its change. The isolation of Basanreserian societies from Kapuk to the north also meant that no attestable comparisons of Old Seriyedang and Old Kapukan exist. Already by the Chwangri period (752–1285), had considerably influenced the vocabulary of Old Seriyedang. Despite this, Old Seriyedang has been the subject of many treatises in favor of, due to the fact that the later Middle Seriyedang borrowed excessively from along the Yedal Road. With the country's unification under the Hо̄horei dynasty in 1633, Ssordonihwa became the standard dialect. This standardization, along with the rise of literacy and interest in, brought forth Early Modern Seriyedang, which characterizes the majority of early Basanreserian literature and approximates the modern language in many aspects. loanwords have proliferated since the Great Eulhae War, a few of which are actually pseudo-jeongminisms.

The Basanreserian language is and  with a  vowel system,  and lexically significant. Word order is normally, often with marking the grammatical function of words, serving the  and otherwise. Among these are which add emotional and emphatic impact or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender, and there are no. It also features a rather simplified system. Plenty of have survived from oral tradition to the modern day, which tend to disregard the aforementioned rules and reflect the  nature of Old Seriyedang.

The National Institute for Seriyedang is the council responsible for  the standard language, in addition to constructing controlled variant thereof. The Humibiwa-Institute is the  responsible for promoting the study of the Basanreserian language abroad and encouraging international.

Phonology
Seriyedang syllables are CV(C/V), meaning that they have an obligatory and an optional. As a result of a with more  than, the language also has a few more. There are no specific rules for, which is characterized by. It should be noted that the following tables concern only the standard language and therefore dialectical differences are not accounted for.

Vowels
is typically but not compulsorily indicated with a  ": U+003A" preceding the affected syllable. All vowels, and  at the start of a word are to be, unless they are preceded by a  (w- or y-). Due to the wo- and wu- sounds sharing the same (namely ㅢ), it is virtually impossible for a non-native learner to identify the correct sound. These glided diphthongs otherwise follow standard as far as applicable:

Consonants
The used to be definite and  (/b, d, g/), but in  now show signs of  (/p̚, t̚, k̚/), presumably due to  with. The that distinguishes ᄊ from ᄉ is also increasingly vanishing in the vernacular. To account for sounds absent from Jeongmian, Seriyedang also utilizes several. As per the spelling reform of 1996, the jamo ㆆ is no longer used to mark the.

Nouns
demonstrate no distinct, or. Hence they also receive no. In Middle Seriyedang, nouns were per case through. In Early Modern Seriyedang, these suffixes were as postpositions. Despite being pronounced in practice, few native speakers write the postpositions seperately to this day. The National Institute for Seriyedang nonetheless favors the divisive spelling. Early Modern Seriyedang also featured a larger inventory of, which have since been intuitively merged in Modern Seriyedang, as shown below:

The optional plural suffix is —다라 [dɐɾɐ] —dara, which therefore precedes all postpositions. See: :강ᅑᅡᆼ다라 욤 gāngjangdara yom "(in)to the townsquares", 이다다다라 야레 ‘idadadara yom "with/by the hammers" and 유마이다라 :도요 yumaidara dо̄yo "with the spouses". In Nuyebihwa, the of the National Institute, as well as in Simple Seriyedang, the  used for beginner learners and people with, the suffix is preceded by an  (·) ": U+00B7". See: :ᅑᅩᆼ동·다라 jо̄ndong·dara "(many) traditions; customs".
 * The  (comprising the and ) is left unmarked. The direct case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang "a/the townsquare(s)" is :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ]. Therefore, whether a noun is the  or the  of a  is strictly defined by . The suffixational  in either case should be 가 ga, therefore :강ᅑᅡᆼ가 gāngjangga [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ.gɐ] "this very townsquare; these very townsquares".
 * The  (marked with the postposition 히 hi) indicates an abstract possessive relationship, in which the suffixed noun is the possessor. The genitive case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is :강ᅑᅡᆼ 히 gāngjang hi [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ ɦi] "a/the townsquare's; (the) townsquares'".
 * The  (marked with the postposition 오로 ‘oro) indicates the recipient of an action. It concurs with the, which indicates the benefactor of an action, and the , which portrays the suffixed noun as the purpose of an action. The postposition 오로 ‘oro is actually the of the now antiquated 오룸 ‘orum. The dative case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is :강ᅑᅡᆼ 오로 gāngjang ‘oro [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ ˌʔo̞ɾo̞] "to a/the townsquare(s)". The causative case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is also :강ᅑᅡᆼ 오로 gāngjang ‘oro [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ ˌʔo̞ɾo] "for a/the townsquare(s)".
 * The  (marked with the postposition 욤 yom) indicates an abstract motion to or into a destination, which characterizes the suffixed noun. The lative case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is :강ᅑᅡᆼ 욤 gāngjang yom [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ jo̞m] "(in)to a/the townsquare(s)".
 * The  (marked with the postposition 다와 dawa) indicates a fixed location, which characterizes the noun. The postposition 다와 dawa is also colloquially as 다 da. The locative case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is :강ᅑᅡᆼ 다와 gāngjang dawa [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ ˌdɐwɐ] "at/on/by/in a/the townsquare(s)".
 * The  (comprising the and ) is marked with the postposition 오와 ‘owa, or colloquially with its  와 wa. It indicates the origin or the previous location of the suffixed noun, from which an action may also stem. The seperative case of :강ᅑᅡᆼ gāngjang is :강ᅑᅡᆼ 오와 gāngjang ‘owa [ˌgɐːŋ.d͡ʑɐŋ ˌʔo̞wɐ] "out of/from a/the townsquare(s)".
 * The  (marked with the postposition 야레 yare) portrays the suffixed noun as the means by which an action is complete. The postposition's colloquial aphetism is 아레 ‘are. The instrumentative case of 이다다 ‘idada [ˌʔi.dɐ.dɐ] "a/the hammer(s)" is 이다다 야레 ‘idada yare [ˌʔi.dɐ.dɐ ˌjɐɾe̞] "with/by a/the hammer(s)".
 * The  (marked with the postposition :도요 dо̄yo) indicates the person, in whose company an action is complete. The postposition's colloquial is :도룸 dо̄rum. The sociative case of 유마이 yumai [juˌmɐi] "a/the spouse(s)" is 유마이 :도요 yumai dо̄yo [juˌmɐi ˌdo̞ːjo̞] "with a/the spouse(s)".

Nouns can also cluster to modify one another, with the coming at the end. This affects formal and academic language for the most part. Standalone words whose initial vowels are do not undergo the same treatment when clustered. Consider the following:
 * 1) 세리 seri "nation; country" + 예당 yedang "speech; " → 세리예당 seriyedang "Basanreserian"
 * 2) 세리예당 seriyedang + 방난 bangnan "dialect; topolect" → 세리예당방난 seriyedangbangnan "dialect(s) of Basanreserian"
 * 3) 세리예당방난 seriyedangbangnan + 에람안 ‘eraman "understanding" → 세리예당방난에람안 seriyedangbangnaneraman "the understanding of Basanreserian dialects"
 * 4) 세리예당방난에람안 seriyedangbangnaneraman + 아랴움 aryaum "difficulty" → 세리예당방난에람안아랴움 seriyedangbangnaneramanaryaum [se̞.ɾiˌje̞.dɐŋ ˌbɐŋ.nan ˌe̞.ɾɐm.ɐn ˌɐ.ɾjɐ.um] "the difficulty of understanding Basanreserian dialects"

Politeness
Unlike, Basanreserian does not have a profound grammatical system to express politeness or formality. Due to its existence within the Sinjuan however, it shares some culturally significant conventions.

For instance, both —님〯 nǐm and —시 si from  were also attested in Middle Seriyedang. In Modern Seriyedang, —임 (—im; western dialects) and —님 (—nim; eastern dialects and standardized) are suffixed to people's names and titles, in order to show respect to strangers and people of higher or to request favors. Throughout the Waigayam however, —씨 (—ssi) is still in daily usage as a weaker version of —님 (—nim). Similarly, the endearing —이 (—i) is now attached to names informally, but also to some objects, e.g. 씨아 ssia "sweet (adj.)" + —이 → 씨아이 ssiai [ˌs͈i.ai] "candy (n.)".

Because the second-person singular pronoun 에이 [ʔe̞i] ‘ei now only has one rather antiquated formal variant, 안호가이 [ʔɐnˌɦo̞.gɐi] ‘anhogai, it is preferred to address all strangers and formal acquaintances with their full name instead of a pronoun. In addition, Seriyedang has seven pairs of verbs, whose plural forms are additionally attributed to individuals: As a result, three different registers of formality can be identified. In the first register, only the full name and the title of the addressee are used: In the second register, the suffix —님 (—nim) is applied to the title: The third register imitates the second, but also necessitates a verb with an applicable plural suppletive. In this case, it is 윙안 [wiŋˌɐn] wingan, a compound of 윙 wing "healthy" and 안 ‘an "to be" (see also Jeongmian 안녕하세요 annyeonghaseyo "to be healthy"), which is suppleted as 윙오가 [wiŋˌo̞.gɐ] wingoga:
 * 「김ᅑᅡ굥」 :ᅑᅩᆼ미총통 윙안ᅑᅵ훠 Gim Ja-gyong jо̄ngmichongdong winganji[hwo]? How are you doing, Jeongmian President Kim Jae-gyeong? (adequate politeness)
 * 「김ᅑᅡ굥」 :ᅑᅩᆼ미총통님 윙안ᅑᅵ훠 Gim Ja-gyong jо̄ngmichongdongnim winganji[hwo]? How are you doing, Mr. Jeongmian President Kim Jae-gyeong? (high politeness)
 * 「김ᅑᅡ굥」 :ᅑᅩᆼ미총통님 윙오가ᅑᅵ훠 Gim Ja-gyong jо̄ngmichongdongnim wingogaji[hwo]? How are you doing, Dear Mr. Jeongmian President Kim Jae-gyeong? (highest politeness)

Adjectives and adverbs
The majority of native Basanreserian nouns double as adjectives and vice versa, as exemplified by the adjective 윙 wing "healthy" and noun 윙 wing "health". In order to formulate more specific meanings, Seriyedang once again utilizes noun agglutination, primarily in four ways: Adverbs can then be deduced with the suffixation of —:노 (—nо̄): 와이가우씨:노 waigaussinо̄ "waterily", 몬라이데구:노 mо̄nraidegunо̄ "diligently", 가리:오:노 gariо̄nо̄ "knife-bearingly", 익살니:노 igsarninо̄ "jestfully". (The same applies for like 윙 wing "health(y)", which becomes 윙:노 wingnо̄ "healthily".)
 * 1) Compounding with 우씨 [ˌʔu.s͈i] ‘ussi "trait; attribute": 와이가 [ˌwɐi.gɐ] waiga "water" + 우씨 → 와이가우씨 [wɐi.gɐˌu.s͈i] waigaussi "watery" 춰긴 [ˌt͡ɕʰwo̞.gin] chwogin "forest; jungle" + 우씨 → 춰긴우씨 [ˌt͡ɕʰwo̞.gin.u.s͈i] chwoginussi "forested"
 * 2) Compounding with 데구 [ˌde̞.gu] degu "image; semblance": 모웨라 [ˌmo̞.we̞.ɾɐ] mowera "toil" + 데구 → 모웨라데구 [mo̞.we̞.ɾɐˌde̞.gu] moweradegu "laborious; arduous" 몬라이 [mo̞nˌɾɐi] mоonrai "craft; profession" + 데구 → 몬라이데구 [mo̞nˌɾɐi.de̞.gu] mо̄nraidegu "diligent; industrious"
 * 3) Compounding with :오 [ʔo̞ː] ‘о̄ "grasp": 가리 [ˌgɐ.ɾi] gari "knife" + :오 → 가리:오 [ˌgɐ.ɾi.o̞ː] gariо̄ "knife-bearing" 할가 [ˌɦɐɾ.gɐ] harga "fetus; womb" + :오 → 할가:오 [ˌɦɐɾ.gɐ.o̞ː] hargaо̄ "pregnant"
 * 4) Compounding with 니 [ni] ni "habit" or 누 [nu] nu "surface": 익살 [ˌig.sɐɾ] igsar "humor" + 니 → 익살니 [ˌig.sɐɾ.ni] igsarni "playful; jestful" 아쑤가 [ˌʔɐ.s͈u.gɐ] ‘assuga "tidiness" + 누 → 아쑤가누 [ˌʔɐ.s͈u.gɐ.nu] ‘assuganu "tidy-looking"

Comparative degrees
While Seriyedang can express fairly easily (see: :본 bо̄n 'small' → :본 나와 bо̄n nawa 'smaller' → 용다 :본 yongda bо̄n 'smallest' or 가수이 :본 gasui bо̄n 'too small'), it lacks a straightforward and practical comparative system. Instead, comparisons must first become and then expressed with the aid of a supplementary verb and sometimes a. They are always presumed to be of superlative degree, unless a comparee is explicitized. These methods are as follows:
 * Using 앙아리 [ʔɐŋˌgɐ.ɾi] ‘angari "to surpass; to exceed" and 야레 [ˌjɐɾe̞] yare (instrumentative): 바로디:노 이차사예당 야레 기에이니앙아리 Barodinо̄ ‘ichasayedang yare gieiniangari "I respond more eloquently than you" eloquence- ADV respond INSTR 1s/2s-surpass
 * Using 에싸가 [ˌʔe̞.s͈ɐ.gɐ] ‘essaga "many; much; very", 앙아리 [ʔɐŋˌgɐ.ɾi] ‘angari "to surpass; to exceed" and 야레 [ˌjɐɾe̞] yare (instrumentative): 에싸가 두이마ᅎᅮ:노 안 야레 에이엔앙아리 ‘Essaga duimatsunо̄ ‘an yare ‘eienangari "You are far stronger than me" much strong- ADV be INSTR 2s/1s-surpass
 * Using 나와 [ˌnɐ.wɐ] nawa "instead" and 다와 [ˌdɐwɐ] dawa (locative): 칭 다와 나와 도헤란:노 아니호이데루 Ching dawa nawa doherannо̄ ‘anihoideru "They waited longer than us" 1p.incl LOC instead idle- ADV 3p-expect
 * Using 용다 [ˌjo̞ŋ.dɐ] yongda "most; utmost": 치 다와 용다 도헤란:노 호이데루 Chi yongda doherannо̄ hoideru "We waited most patiently" 1p.incl most idle- ADV expect

Deixis
The Basanreserian demonstrative adjectives make three distinctions based on spatial distance, similar to and. These must always precede nouns and cannot exist on their own, although one can use 담비 dambi "this thing here" and 담:고레 damgо̄re "this person here" and all their other derivatives, in order to nominalize them. When they describe a plural object, then plurally suffixing the noun described with —다라 (—dara) is ungrammatical (see: 네와 차실 newa chasir "that house", 네와록 차실 newarog chasir "those houses" and 네와록:고레 newaroggо̄re "those people"). These may additionally be the of a sentence (see: 네와 차실가 newa chasirga "that very house", 네와록 차실가 newarog chasirga "those very houses" and 네와록:고레가 newaroggо̄rega "those very people").

Verbs and pronouns
Basanreserian pronouns are divided into two categories: true and customary. True pronouns are and have their roots in. is not distinguished in the third-person, which is also characterized by lack of. , the acknowledgement of the listener's (in)participation in an action, is noted in this system. Their dependent forms mark agreement for number and case under all circumstances, but their independent (or standalone) forms, with the exception of the, have been nowadays reduced to informalities. Customary pronouns constitute a variety of traditionally that act as more formal pronouns with regard to,  and.

The following sentences serve to elucidate the differences between the two categories:
 * 구 암바 규수 구 안의 Gu ‘amba gyusu gu ‘an[yi]. I think, therefore I am. (traditional) 기암바 규수 기안의. Giamba gyusu gian[yi]. I think, therefore I am. (commonly )
 * 〔에훠 하기시가 에이암답ᅑᅵ훠〕 〔엡쏘헤 기우다로 안체〕 ‘E[hwo]? Hagisiga ‘eiamdabji[hwo]? ‘Ebsso[he], giudaro ‘an[che]! A: Huh? You know Hagisi? B: Yes, he's my friend!

Voices and tenses
Verbs are inherently or intransitive, and likewise accept  in a  (SOV),  and. Whereas an extensive utilizing auxiliary verbs exists, it is only ever instinctively used when ambiguity could ensue. In any case, negation is conferred with 쏘모 ssomo, which precedes the primary verb (i.e. the last one in order). Consider the following examples:
 * 기에이니혹의 Gieinihog[yi]. I'm speaking to you.
 * 도호과 기에이니혹의 Dohogwa gieinihog[yi]. I spoke to you yesterday.
 * 니씨니 기에이니혹의 Nissini gienighog[yi]. I spoke to you (once).
 * 과니가 :초민도 니렌다 아농 오로 :솔묭하의 Gwangiga chо̄mindo nirendo ‘anong ‘oro sо̄lmyongha[yi]. It was me who explained to them what had happened.

The list of verb tenses is as follows, with the exclusion of any future tenses, which become explicit through context alone:
 * In the present (現在/씨안차이 ssianchai), the verb is preceded by no auxiliary verb. See: 아헤요 ‘aheyo "I'm saying this; I say this".
 * In the perfective present (完現在/오레씨안차이 ‘oressianchai), the verb is preceded by 리위니 riwini "to be fulfilled". See: 리위니 아헤요 riwini ‘aheyo "I just said this; I'm done saying this; I said this once and for all."
 * In the continuous present (繼現在/갼씨안차이 gyanssianchai), the verb is preceded by 씨리니 ssirini "to be renewed". See: 씨리니 아헤요 ssirini ‘aheyo "I continue to say this; I'm still saying this; I've been saying this for a while now".
 * In the habitual present (慣現在/관씨안차이 gwanssianchai), the verb is preceded by 교위니 gyowini "to be accustomed". See: 교위니 아헤요 gyowini ‘aheyo "I tend to say this often/a lot; I usually say this".
 * In the definitive present (確現在/각씨안차이 gagssianchai), the verb is preceded by 홈비니 hombini "to be firm". See: 홈비니 아헤요 hombini ‘aheyo "That's what I'm saying; I say this definitely; I'm definitely saying this".
 * In the past (過去/과게 gwage), the verb is preceded by 니씨니 nissini "to be done". See: 니씨니 아헤요 nissini ‘aheyo "I (have) said this (once)."
 * In the continuous past (繼過去/갼과게 gyangwage), the verb is preceded by 오기리니 ‘ogirini "to be expired". See: 오기리니 아헤요 ‘ogirini ‘aheyo "I had been saying this (in the past and not anymore)".
 * In the perfective past (完過去/오레과게 ‘oregwage), the verb is preceded by 아와니 ‘awani "to be approximated". See: 아와니 아헤요 ‘awani ‘aheyo "I had finished saying this; I was done with saying this (by then)".

The imperative is formed as follows. Notice that the subject is missing, as it is implied:
 * Neutrally with 이도기 ‘idogi (negation particle). See: 이도기 에이니기기체 ‘Idogi ‘einigigi[che]! "Don't hit me!"
 * Angrily with 쏘모 ssomo (negation particle) and 한 han (otherwise obsolete rude ). See: 쏘모 에이니기기한체 Ssomo ‘einigigihan[che]! "Don't you hit me!"
 * Formally with the modal 이예갈 iyegar "to beseech; to beg; to request" and 쏘모 ssomo (negation particle). See: 기도이예갈 쏘모 에이니기기의 Gidoiyegar ‘einigigi[yi]. "Please don't hit me."

Verb agglutination
Much like nouns (see above), verbs can deliberately be clustered with other verbs (not adverbs; see above) in one to give emphasis or detail to an action. The most common instances of verbs include :


 * 에도구씨 ‘edogussi "to owe; to ought to; to have to; to must" + 븬다 byīnda "to slap on the face" → 에도구씨븬다 edogussibyīnda "to have to slap (one) on the face" 기에도구씨 기아헤븬다의 Giedogussi giahebyīnda[yi]. (clausal unagglutinated) 기아헤에도구씨븬다의 Giaheedogussibyīnda[yi]. (non-clausal agglutinated) I have to slap them (on the face).


 * 눈뇩 nunnyog "to can; to be able; to manage to" + 하다 hada "to do; to make happen" → 눈뇩하다 nunnyoghada "to be able to do (something); to manage to do (something)" 기도눈뇩 기하다의 Gidonunyog gihada[yi]. (clausal unagglutinated) 기도눈뇩하다의 Gidonunnyoghada[yi]. (non-clausal agglutinated) I can do it.

The verbs 레 re "to put; to place" and 하다 hada "to do; to make happen" (a learned word from ) are two notable exceptions, in that their agglutination may occur with verbs, nouns and adjectives.

Present schism
The method of spelling, as hitherto demonstrated, is in reality the gāndi (简体/:간디; "simplified form") of the language. Instead, the bāngdi (繁体/:방디; "complicated form") spelling, which is to say a combination of and, is deemed (by the National Institute) the official writing system of Seriyedang. Bāngdi nowadays is reduced to a niche group of literature enthusiasts and poets and is completely absent from ordinary signage, public media, and legal documents, thus rendering its existence anecdotal or otherwise unknown to the majority of native speakers. Whether traditional or simplified Cheonja characters are used in bāngdi is additionally dependent on the author.

See the following example using 姓/송 song "name" and 整/하다 hada "to do/make" as 姓整/송하다 songhada "to give name":
 * Gāndi Seriyedang:「레이나우」엔송하다의 (Reinau ensonghada[yi].) "My name is Rainau."
 * Bāngdi Seriyedang (simplified):「레이나우」엔姓整矣
 * Bāngdi Seriyedang (traditional):「레이나우」엔𤯬整𡗞

Punctuation
Basanreserian punctuation is defined by grammatical particles which mostly derive themselves from. These are not audibly pronounced, except for in Nuyebihwa.
 * Machimbyo (闭标/마침뵤; "closing mark") is the Seriyedang, denoted as 矣/의 yi.
 * Dо̄mbyo (运标/:돔뵤; "lifted mark(s)") are the all-purpose originating from a Middle Basanreserian convention, denoted as 〔 and 〕, as well as ﹝ and ﹞within another dо̄mbyo sequence. For titles and names, non-native secondary marks「 and 」are used.
 * Daibyo (逗标/다이뵤; "pause mark") is the Seriyedang, denoted as 兮/헤 he.
 * Ryanchibbyo (连接标/랸칩뵤; "conjunctive mark") is the all-purpose Seriyedang, denoted as 搭/밋 mis.
 * Nuggimbyo (感标/눅김뵤; "sentimental mark") is the Seriyedang, denoted as 哉/체 che and sometimes audibly pronounced sarcastically.
 * Munchebyo (問題标/문체뵤; "question mark") is the Seriyedang, denoted as 乎/훠 hwo and sometimes audibly pronounced sarcastically.
 * Banbubyo (反复标/반부뵤; "relapse mark") is the Seriyedang, denoted as 二/니 ni.